How Does Iron Rust?

When water falls on iron, it reacts with the oxygen in the water and forms iron oxide. This is rust. The drop of water turns reddish in colour and the rust is suspended in the water. When the water drop evaporates, the rust remains there and forms a reddish coat on the iron itself.

Once started, rust spreads even in dry air. This is due to the fact helps whatever moisture is available in the air to condense in it. It also attracts the air and holds it. Here, the phrase, Prevention is better than cure is apt because it is easier to prevent rust from starting than to prevent it from spreading once it has started. Iron articles can be prevented from rusting by coating them with a special paint.

 

Below Iron Rust info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Rust is a general term for a series of iron oxides, usually red oxides, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances.[1] Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3·nH2O and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3). Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys, such as steel. Other metals undergo equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not commonly called rust. Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass eventually converts entirely to rust and disintegrates. The corrosion of aluminium is extremely slow because the resulting aluminium oxide forms a conformal coating, which protects the remaining aluminium. This process is known as passivation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust

Why Do Nuclear Reactors Need Continuous Monitoring?

The nuclear reactors are continuously monitored because when energy is released from an atom, deadly rays of radiation also come out. This radiation is very harmful when it enters the body.

This is because when too much radiation passes through living cells, it damages the cells or weakness the body’s defences against disease.

A typical nuclear power station produces a lot of waste each year, which is poured into steel tanks and then buried in concrete.

 

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Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The only method in use today produces power via nuclear fission, though other methods might one day include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay (see below). All utility-scale reactors[1] heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion. In 2007, 14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. Also, more than 150 nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope rockets have been produced.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power

Why Is Helicopter Not A Modern Discover?

Leonardo Do Vinci, the famous artist, drew his plans for a helicopter hundreds of years before man actually made it.

Today’s helicopters are lifted into the air by their rotating propellers. These work like narrow wings, generating lift as they spin rapidly through air. It climbs by increasing the angle of the rotor blades. It moves forward by increasing the angle of the blade moving back on every rotation, so that it pushes against the air.

 

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A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each rotor consisting of two or more rotor blades. Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter achieves lift with the rotor blades which rotate around a mast. The word 'helicopter' is adapted from the French hélicoptère, coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- (ἕλικ-) = "spiral" or "turning" and pteron (πτερόν) = "wing".

The primary advantage of a helicopter is from the rotor which provides lift without the aircraft needing to move forward, allowing the helicopter to take off and land vertically without a runway. For this reason, helicopters are often used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft cannot take off or land. The lift from the rotor also allows the helicopter to hover in one area more efficiently than other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, allowing it to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft cannot perform.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter

Why Do We Remember Wright Brothers?

 

People had been flying in small airships when Wright Brothers were the first ones to invent a practical aeroplane that could be flown under full control. They took the first flight in 1903 at Kitly Hawk in the United States.

The Wright biplane looked like a huge box kite, with a home-made engine that drove two propellers by means of chains. This was a successful quite unlike the earlier steam-powered aeroplane flown in 1890 by Clement Adler in France.

 

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The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two Americans who are generally credited[1][2][3] with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. They are also officially credited worldwide through the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, the standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight." In the two years afterward, the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing flight possible.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers

Why Has Steel Become An Important Material?

Iron has a lot of carbon in it, which makes it crack very easily. If some carbon is removed, iron becomes very strong steel.

This steel is used to make tiny paper clips to skyscrapers. Steel is recyclable and can be used over and over again. Steel has become an important material, as it is the key ingredient for making cars, screws, nails, nuts and bolts, it is also used for making huge cranes and for all the construction purposes. Steel girders form the skeleton of new buildings.

 

Below Steel info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten.[1] Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

Why Are Wind Tunnels Used?

All aeroplanes are subjected to strong air pressures through the air where they move. The wings of aeroplanes have to support very high pressures during the flight, as they move though the air.

The wind tunnels have been built to reproduce the natural conditions of flight. These wind tunnels are fitted with special devices, which control the velocity, temperature and pressure of the currents of air that blows through them. These special structures have been designed to move efficiently at high speeds. Thus, the use of wind tunnels is indispensable for aircrafts.

 

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A wind tunnel is a research tool used in aerodynamic research. It is used to study the effects of air moving past solid objects.

Wind tunnels were first proposed as a means of studying vehicles (primarily airplanes) in free flight. The wind tunnel was envisioned as a means of reversing the usual paradigm: instead of the air's standing still and the aircraft moving at speed through it, the same effect would be obtained if the aircraft stood still and the air moved at speed past it. In that way a stationary observer could study the aircraft in action, and could measure the aerodynamic forces being imposed on the aircraft.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel

Why Aerodynamic Shape Is Important For Vehicles?

Anything, which moves in a gas or liquid, has its movement controlled by its shape. The slender shape of a body, which is intended to move at high speed through the air in termed aerodynamic, offering minimum resistance to the air.

Inspired by birds, man invented aerodynamic motor car in 1899 and, then, gradually came the aeroplanes, aerodynamic in shape, making transportation easy at high speed.

 

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Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with the difference being that gas dynamics applies to all gases. Understanding the motion of air (often called a flow field) around an object enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. Typical properties calculated for a flow field include velocity, pressure, density and temperature as a function of position and time. By defining a control volume around the flow field, equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy can be defined and used to solve for the properties. The use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximation and wind tunnel experimentation form the scientific basis for heavier-than-air flight.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics

Why Are Blast Furnaces Used?

  

 

Iron is the most widely used metal. It is very cheap and strong, so is used to support huge building and bridges.

Through the process of smelting, which is known as reduction reaction, iron is extracted from iron ore.This process of smelting takes place in a blast furnace. The blast furnace gets its name from the hot air that is blasted into it. Here iron ore, limestone and coke (a type of carbon) are heated together and hot air is blasted into the furnace.

The carbon present in coke reacts with oxygen and forms carbon monoxide. This, in turn, takes oxygen from iron ore, leaving behind iron mixed with carbon. The temperature in a furnace reaches up to 2000°C.

 

Below Blast Furnaces info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce metals, generally iron.

In a blast furnace, fuel and ore are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the furnace as the material moves downward. The end products are usually molten metal and slag phases tapped from the bottom, and flue gases exiting from the top of the furnace.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace

Why Do We Need Oil And Fossil Fuels?

 

Fossil fuels, oil, coal and natural gas were formed millions of years ago, when prehistoric plants and animals died. Their decaying bodies were pressed under layers of rock and earth, and were fossilized.

The modern life, which we lead would be impossible without fossil fuels. These fuels supply heat and energy to our homes, industry and electricity.

These fossil fuels are processed to produce many other useful material like plastics, dyes and bitumen. To find out oil, test drilling is done over specific area as told by geologists.

 

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Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.[1] These fuels contain high percentage of carbon and hydrocarbons.

Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates. It is generally accepted that they formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals[2] by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.[3] This biogenic theory was first introduced by Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

Why Is It Difficult To Explore The Depths Of The Sea?

Man has always been fascinated to explore the unknown, like the sea depths. Man has not met with a lot of success in this field.

The weight and pressure of water has been the greatest obstacle. As a body sinks deeper, the more it is crushed by pressure and ultimately, it becomes too huge and unbearable.

Thus, scientists are trying to build hulls, which can withstand greater pressure. Also, these bodies used for exploration have a very limited area for movement, limiting their actions.

 

Below Depths Of The Sea info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Deep-sea exploration is the investigation of physical, chemical, and biological conditions on the sea bed, for scientific or commercial purposes. Deep-sea exploration is a relatively recent human activity, the depths of the sea are still a largely unexplored part of the planet earth.

Deep-sea exploration began when French scientist Pierre Simon de Laplace calculated the average depth of the Atlantic ocean, by observing tidal motions registered on Brazilian and African coasts. He determined this depth to be 13,000 ft (4,000 m). Deep-sea lifeforms were discovered in 1864 when Norwegian researchers sampled a stalked crinoid at a depth of 3,109 m (10,200 ft). More important discoveries have been made since 1870, the British Government sent out the Challenger expedition (a ship called the H.M.S. Challenger) in 1872 which discovered 715 new genera and 4,417 new species of marine organisms over the space of 4 years.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration

Why Do We Sometimes See Rainbow In The Sky?

Sunlight has the enormous speed of 300,000 km/second, covering particular wavelengths and is the sum of seven different colours.

Rainbow in the sky is a wonderful spectrum of colours. Water drops suspended in the air on which sun’s rays fall act as prisms, which break up the white light into its component colours. Thus, we frequently see a rainbow after heavy rain and storm.

 

Below Rainbow info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

A rainbow is an optical and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. They take the form of a multicoloured arc, with red on the outer part of the arch and violet on the inner section of the arch.

A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colours; the discrete bands are an artefact of human colour vision. The most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). Rainbows can be caused by other forms of water than rain, including mist, spray, and dew.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow

Why Do Oil Rigs Sometimes Catch Fire?

Mostly oil is found buried beneath the seabed. Oil rigs are hug floating devices that are anchored to the seabed while wells are drilled into the oil bearing rocks.

These rigs contain the drilling machinery and a helicopter pad for receiving supplies. When the oil is extracted from the rock, it contains a large amount of gas, which has to be burnt off at the surface. The gas, coming out of the oil well is in great force and can get ignited resulting in fire.

Fire fighters are used to put off the fire by using explosion. This explosion uses the surrounding oxygen in putting the fire out.

 

Below Oil Rigs info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

An offshore platform, often referred to as an oil platform or an oil rig, is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill wells in the ocean bed, extract oil and/or natural gas, process the produced fluids, and ship or pipe them to shore. Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be fixed to the ocean floor, may consist of an artificial island, or may float.

Most offshore platforms are located on the continental shelf, though with advances in technology and increasing crude oil prices, drilling and production in deeper waters has become both feasible and economically viable. A typical platform may have around thirty wellheads located on the platform and directional drilling allows reservoirs to be accessed at both different depths and at remote positions up to 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the platform.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_rigs

Why Do We Need Numbers?

Numbers describe the amount of things. Numbers can be expressed in words, by hand gestures or writing, using symbols or numberals.

Numbers can describe the number of objects, their positions amidst a lot of objects like 5th, 17th, etc.

Numbers also describe how many units of something there are, for example, how many kilograms (weight) or metre (length). Numbers are a convenient way of describing ideas and quantities.

 

Below Number info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

A number is a concept used to describe and assess quantity.

Number may also refer to:

    * Number (game), a number-guessing computer game
    * Number (magazine), a Japanese sports magazine
    * Number (manga), a manga by Tsubaki Kawori
    * Number (music), a self-contained piece of music
    * Grammatical number, a morphological grammatical category indicating the quantity of referents
    * Preferred number, a number that fits a standard guideline for choosing exact product dimensions within industrial design constraints
    * Telephone number, often referred to as simply a number
    * Number sign, a name for the symbol #

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers

Why Does The Lightning Flash?

As the atmosphere heats and cools, it expands and contracts causing changes in pressure and air movement. Water droplets inside clouds have a positive electrical charge at the top of the cloud and a negative charge at the bottom.

When the negative charges come near enough to attract a positive charge from another cloud or the Earth, electrical energy is released, forming a flash of light. There is often a loud bang called thunder, along with lightning.

Thunder is caused when the air is heated to a tremendous temperature and gives out explosive noise when it expands suddenly. As light travels faster, we see the lightening flash before we hear the thunder.

 

Below Lightning Info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Lightning is an atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms.[1] In the atmospheric electrical discharge, a leader of a bolt of lightning can travel at speeds of 60,000 m/s (130,000 mph), and can reach temperatures approaching 30,000 °C (54,000 °F), hot enough to fuse silica sand into glass channels known as fulgurites which are normally hollow and can extend some distance into the ground.[2][3] There are some 16 million lightning storms in the world every year.[4]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning

Why Do The Ship’s Navigators Depend On Microwaves?

Microwaves are a kind of radiation. They can easily pass though things that would block ordinary radio waves like rains and fog. Microwaves can also be focused and sent in a narrow beam, which helps in transmitting radio waves over long distances.

These microwaves are used by ships for navigation purposes. All ships have a radar screen, which uses microwave radiation to detect distant objects. The microwaves scan round in a circle and the echoes sent back produce an image on the screen, and it used for the Ship’s Navigators.

 

Below Navigator Info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation. The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times. Responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the Captain or aircraft Commander of estimated timing to destinations while en route, and ensuring hazards are avoided. The navigator is in charge of maintaining the aircraft or ship's nautical charts, nautical publications, and navigational equipment, and generally has responsibility for meteorological equipment and communications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigator

Why Are Solar Panels Kept On The Roof Top?

Man is always searching for new sources of energy. The sun gives out vast amounts of energy, of which only a tiny fraction reaches the Earth. If only this small part of energy is used, it would meet the world’s need of power.

Solar panels are used to harness the sun’s power. These panels are attached to the roof tops of houses to absorb the sun’s energy, used for heating domestic water supplies. In 1969, at Odeillo in France, the first solar power station was built. These power stations use solar power to generate energy and the solar panels are used to collect as much energy from the sun as possible.

 

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A photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells. The photovoltaic module, known more commonly as the solar panel, is then used as a component in a larger photovoltaic system to offer electricity for commercial and residential applications.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_module

Why Is Electricity Transmitted At High Tension?

 

The use of electricity has reached enormous proportions. With it, the need to transport electricity over great distances, has also risen.

This was not possible through direct current, which meant loss of power on the way.

Thus, alternating current was introduced, which could be transported over distances at the desired high voltages. This transportation of electricity uses large amount of electricity over thin wires and thus electricity is transmitted at high tension.

 

Below Electricity High Tension info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, a process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. A power transmission network typically connects power plants to multiple substations near a populated area. The wiring from substations to customers is referred to as electricity distribution, following the historic business model separating the wholesale electricity transmission business from distributors who deliver the electricity to the homes.[1] Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources (such as hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to consumers in population centers, and may allow exploitation of low-grade fuel resources such as coal that would otherwise be too costly to transport to generating facilities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission

Why Transmission Of Intercontinental Television Is Possible?

Television waves travel is straight lines and cannot be reflected from the ionosphere as the radio waves.

So, transmission of television programmes on intercontinental basis could be possible only when artificial satellites were placed in a stationary orbit around the Earth. These satellites receive and retransmit television signals.

 

Below Television Network info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (e.g. the BBC, NBC or CBS) evolved from earlier radio networks.

In countries where most networks broadcast identical, centrally originated content to all their stations and where most individual transmitters therefore operate only as large "repeater stations", the terms television network, television channel and television station have become interchangeable in everyday language, with only professionals in TV-related occupations continuing to make a difference between them. Within the industry, a tiering is sometimes created among groups of networks based on whether their programming is simultaneously originated from a central point, and whether the network master control has the technical and administrative capability to take over the programming of their affiliates in real-time when it deems this necessary—the most common example being breaking national news events.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network

Why Is Litmus Paper Used In Chemistry?

Litmus paper is one of the quickest ways to test a liquid for its acidity or basisity. Dyes called indicators show very quickly if the water is acidic or alkaline. Litmus is one such dye. Litmus paper turns red if the solution is acidic and it turns blue if the solution is alkaline.

Some vegetables like red cabbage and beetroot have this dye and they change colour during cooking. If the tap water is hard or alkaline, the vegetables will acquire a deep purplish blue colour.

 

Below Litmus Paper info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria. The mixture has CAS number 1393-92-6. It is often absorbed onto filter paper. The resulting piece of paper or solution with water becomes a pH indicator (one of the oldest), used to test materials for acidity. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic (i.e. alkaline) conditions,the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5-8.3 (at 25°C). Neutral litmus paper is purple in colour.[1] The mixture contains 10 to 15 different dyes (erythrolitmin (or erythrolein), azolitmin, spaniolitmin, leucoorcein and leucazolitmin). Pure azolitmin does show nearly the same effect as litmus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litmus_paper

Why Are So Many Pylons Erected?

Electricity is moving energy that travels from place to place. For example, it can take energy of the burning coal as electricity in your home. Electricity is so extensively required by us in our daily lives that ways had to be found to let this energy travel.

Giant masts called pylons have been erected all over the country, which are connected by powerful electrical cables. Energy travels down these cables at about 250,000 kilometers in a second, almost at the speed of light.

 

Below Pylons info from Wikipedia (Read More):-

An electricity pylon or transmission tower (also known as Ironmen in Australia and hydro tower in Canada) is a tall, usually steel lattice structure used to support overhead electricity conductors for electric power transmission.

Three-phase electric power systems are used for high and extra-high voltage AC transmission lines (50 kV and above). The towers must be designed to carry three (or multiples of three) conductors. The towers are usually steel lattices or trusses (wooden structures are used in Germany and Scandinavia in some cases) and the insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite Insulators using Silicone Rubber or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or long rod whose length is dependent on the line voltage and environmental conditions. One or two earth conductors (or "ground conductors") for lightning protection are often mounted at the top of each tower.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pylon